Cost of zero-emissions cars in Europe

This study explores the total cost of ownership (TCO) of electric, petrol, diesel, and hybrid passenger cars, building on previous ERM analysis performed in 2021. 

This study quantifies the cost to the consumer of electric and petrol cars, for first- to third-hand buyers. 

This study also considers the average cost of ownership of a vehicle in the EU, accounting for vehicle leasing costs and fuel/electricity prices, whilst excluding maintenance, insurance, and country-specific taxes and subsidies. The results of this study show that battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are already the lowest cost option for used vehicle buyers and will be the most economical for new buyers of medium cars from 2026 onwards.

For an executive summary of this report, click here.